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Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. In the United States, it is the fifth most common cancer in men and women; its incidence increases with age. As survival rates for people with melanoma depend on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis, early diagnosis is crucial to improve patient outcome and save lives. Although most melanomas are detected by patients themselves, clinician detection is associated with thinner, more curable tumors. Most patients with thin, invasive melanoma (Breslow thickness ≤1 mm) can expect prolonged disease-free survival and likely cure following treatment. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates from melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin. It accounts for a significant proportion of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. This section provides an introduction to melanoma, its classification, and the global burden of the disease. The age-standardized annual incidence of melanoma worldwide is estim...

Marburg virus is a highly virulent, hemorrhagic fever-causing virus belonging to the Filoviridae family, which also includes the Ebola virus. Marburg virus was first identified in 1967, when outbreaks occurred simultaneously in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, and in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, among laboratory workers who had come into contact with infected African green monkeys imported from Uganda. Transmission and Pathogenesis: The natural reservoir of Marburg virus is believed to be fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family, which are found in parts of Africa. Human infections occur through direct or indirect contact with infected bats, primates, or other infected humans. Once the virus enters the body, it replicates in the mononuclear phagocytic system, including macrophages and dendritic cells. The virus then spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream, causing damage to multiple organs, including the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Clinical Manifestations: Marburg virus infect...